Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows

A surface cavity develops, reaching deeper into the water while the sides remain smooth.

The free surface begins to deform slightly, but no air is yet trapped.

Air entrainment is not a singular event but a multi-stage process driven by the instability of the air-water interface:

Air Bubble Entrainment In Free-surface Turbulen... May 2026

Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows

A surface cavity develops, reaching deeper into the water while the sides remain smooth. Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulen...

The free surface begins to deform slightly, but no air is yet trapped. Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows

Air entrainment is not a singular event but a multi-stage process driven by the instability of the air-water interface: Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulen...