: Dissolved metals are separated from impurities.
: Uses sodium hydroxide, essential for the Bayer process to produce alumina.
: Critical for recovering copper, gold, nickel, and uranium from low-grade ores. Hydrometallurgy: Principles and Applications
: Essential for reclaiming lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries to support a circular economy .
: The first stage where target metals are dissolved into a liquid solution using chemical solvents (lixiviants). : Dissolved metals are separated from impurities
: Adding reagents to force metals out of the solution as solid compounds. Industrial Applications
: The final stage where the metal is returned to a solid, purified form. Hydrometallurgy: Principles and Applications
: Uses electric current to deposit metal onto a cathode.